INTRODUCTION

The hypothalamus is located at the base of the brain, below the third ventricle and just above the optic chiasm and pituitary gland.

The pituitary gland lies outside the dura surrounding the brain. The pituitary lies almost directly behind the area between the eyes and is divided into anterior and posterior portions, each with distinct embryology, anatomy, and function.

FUNCTION

The hypothalamus can be considered the coordinating center of the endocrine system. It consolidates signals derived from upper cortical inputs, autonomic function, environmental cues such as light and temperature, and peripheral endocrine feedback. In turn, the hypothalamus delivers precise signals to the pituitary gland which then releases hormones that influence most endocrine systems in the body. Specifically, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis directly affects the functions of the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, and the gonads, as well as influencing growth, milk production, and water balance.

The hypothalamus is also involved in several important nonendocrine functions such as temperature regulation, the activity of the autonomic nervous system, and control of appetite.